100 Mostly Small But Expressive Interjections

100 Mostly Small But Expressive Interjections 100 Mostly Small But Expressive Interjections 100 Mostly Small But Expressive Interjections By Mark Nichol They regularly appear to be notorious, as gloomy idlers dillydallying in an open avenue, yet they really do a ton of difficult work and are normally persnickety about the undertakings to which they are put. They are interpositions one class of them, in any case: those lacking etymological inceptions yet stuffed with importance. Be that as it may, how would you realize how to recognize comparable ones or spell them, besides? Here’s a deficient stock of additions (excluding varieties of genuine words, for example, no doubt for yes or onomatopoeic echoes of remotely created seems as though blast): Ack imparts sicken or excusal. Ok can indicate positive feelings like help or joy (for the most part, articulated with a long a). Aha signals triumph or shock, or maybe mocking. Ahem is utilized to pick up consideration. Argh, frequently drawn out with extra h’s, is about disappointment. Aw can be contemptuous or characteristic of frustration, or, when drawn out, expressive of compassion or love. Affirmative means understanding. Bah is contemptuous. Blah conveys fatigue or frustration. Blech (or bleah or bleh) infers queasiness. Boo is a shout to incite trepidation. Boo-hoo is imitative of crying and is ridiculing. Boo-ya (with a few spelling variations) is a cry of triumph. Bwah-hah-hah (differently spelled, including mwah-hah-hah) playfully impersonates the cliché archvillain’s triumphant snicker. D’oh is the spelling for the mumbling going with Homer Simpson’s trademark head-slapping self-misuse. Duh scorns somebody who appears to be thick. Eek shows a terrible amazement. Eh, with a question mark, is a solicitation for redundancy or affirmation of what was simply said; without, it is pretentious. Er (once in a while erm) plays for time. Ew means nauseate, heightened by the expansion of at least one e’s or potentially w’s. Feh (and its cousin meh) means that feeling disappointed or disillusioned. Gak is a declaration of disturb or dislike. Ha communicates happiness or shock, or maybe triumph. Ha-ha (with conceivable intensifying) imparts chuckling or disparagement. Hamana-hamana, differently spelled, and copied varying, suggests confused shame. Solid har-har, or har-har rehashed varying, conveys mock delight. Hee-hee is an underhanded chuckle, while its variations heh and heh-heh, (etc) can have a progressively disparaging meaning. Hello can communicate shock or celebration, or can be utilized to demand redundancy or call for consideration. Hist flags the craving for quiet. Hm, reached out varying, recommends interest, disarray, horror, or incredulity. Hmph (likewise hrmph or humph) demonstrates disappointment or resentment. Ho-ho is expressive of merriment, or (alongside its variation gracious ho) can demonstrate triumph of revelation. Ho-murmur signals lack of concern or weariness. Hubba-hubba is what could be compared to a sneer. Huh (or hunh) is an indication of incredulity, disarray, or shock, or, with a question mark, is a solicitation for redundancy. Hup, from the sound-off a military rhythm serenade, signals starting an applying task. Hurrah (likewise hoorah, yippee, and yahoo, and even huzzah) is a shout of triumph or joy. Yuck signals sicken. Lah-de-dah means disregard or excusal, or mocking about claim. Mm-gee, differently spelled, is a confirmed or verifying reaction. Mmm, reached out varying, passes on satisfactory or discernable joy. Mwah is reminiscent of a kiss, regularly suggesting unctuous or misrepresented warmth. Neener-neener, regularly expressed in a progression of three redundancies, is an insult. Presently (regularly rehashed â€Å"Now, now†) is expressed as a caution. Goodness is among the most adaptable of additions. Use it to show perception or affirmation (or, with a question mark, a solicitation for check), to introduce direct location (â€Å"Oh, sir!†), as an indication of guess or model (â€Å"Oh, around three days†), or to communicate feeling or fills in as a reaction to an agony or joy. (Ooh is a variation helpful for the last two purposes.) Goodness gracious (or choices in which goodness is trailed by different words) is an admonition reaction to something that will have negative repercussions. Olã ©, with a highlight mark over the e, is obtained from Spanish and is a vocal prosper to praise a deft or dexterous move. Ooh, with o’s rehashed varying, passes on intrigue or esteem, or, on the other hand, scorn. Ooh-la-la is a reaction to an endeavor to intrigue or tenderly ridicules claim or luxury. Oh no (and the funny minute variety oopsie or whoops and the variation challenges) points out a mistake or flaw. Ouch (or ow, reached out varying) signals torment or is a reaction to an unforgiving word or activity. Oy, some portion of Yiddish articulations, for example, oy gevalt (comparable to â€Å"Uh-oh†), is a regret of dissatisfaction, concern, or self indulgence. Pff, stretched out varying, communicates dissatisfaction, scorn, or disturbance. Pfft, or phfft, conveys sudden closure or takeoff or is a cynical excusal similar to pff. Phew, or seat, conveys disturb, weariness, or help. (Phooey, likewise spelled pfui, is a sign for nauseate, as well, and can mean excusal too. PU and P.U. are additionally variations.) Poof is imitative of an unexpected vanishing, as though by enchantment. Pooh is a disdainful outcry. Pshaw indicates incredulity, dissatisfaction, or bothering or, then again, imparts wry hesitance. Psst calls for calm. Rah, maybe rehashed, signals triumph. Shh (stretched out as important) is a basic for quietness. Sister blast bah is an obsolete empowering cry, well on the way to be utilized jokingly now. Tchah imparts inconvenience. Oh goodness and its significantly snootier variation tut-tut are judgments or scoldings; the related sound tch is the teeth-and-tongue snap of dissatisfaction. Ugh is a shout of appall. Uh is an outflow of distrust or a deferring strategy. Uh-huh demonstrates confirmation or understanding. Oh goodness signals concern or consternation. Uh-uh is the sound of nullification or refusal. Um is a placeholder for a respite yet in addition indicates wariness. Va-boom is a good old outcry indicating adoration of physical engaging quality. Whee is a shout of fervor or pleasure. Whew is a variation of phew yet can likewise communicate astonishment. Hold up is a call to stop or an outcry of shock or help. Challenge de-doo and its numerous variations pass on deriding response to something intended to dazzle. Charm and charm hoo (and varieties like hurray, yee-haw, and yahoo) show fervor. (Woot, likewise spelled w00t among an online in-swarm, is a presumably vaporous variation.) Wow communicates shock. Yahoo is a salutary outcry. (Not to be mistaken for better believe it, a variation of yes.) Yowser is a declaration of dread or concern, frequently utilized wryly. Yo-ho-ho is the customary pirates’ hold back. Yoo-hoo stands out. Yow, or yowza, is an outcry of shock or passes on being dazzled. Yuck (likewise spelled yech or yecch) signals appall. (Not to be mistaken for yuk, a chuckle.) Yum, or yummy, is a reaction to the flavor of something delightful and, by augmentation, seeing an alluring individual. Zoinks is a declaration of shock or awe promoted by the animation character Shaggy, of Scooby Doo popularity. Zowie, regularly in blend following wowie, a variation of goodness, communicates profound respect or amazement. Need to improve your English quickly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary class, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:Definitely use the or a15 Great Word GamesWhat the hell are learnings?

Motivations and Benefits in the Workplace

Question: Talk about the inspirations and advantages in the work environment. Answer: The goal of this article is to examine the drivers of inspiration at work environment and the advantages of inspiration for association. In this period of globalization, associations have extended in various pieces of the world. Today, associations have understood that representatives are their greatest resources. Today, associations have understood that inspiration level of workers is straightforwardly connected to efficiency of representatives. Along these lines, focal point of HR Managers and associations is to concentrate on worker inspiration. The primary four thoughts for this exposition can be examined as: Inspiration is an inborn and inside thing for representatives. In an authoritative setting, various representatives can have diverse persuasive level. It is significant for associations to comprehend the inspiration trigger for its representatives. The inspiration would assist representatives with working hard and it would assist association with reaching its objectives and destinations. Along these lines inspiration can straightforwardly profit associations and work environment. Workers can likewise self rouse them. The representatives would need to self rouse them when they can see the prizes related with their presentation. It is significant that associations should center to overcome any barrier between workers desires and the executives view of representatives desires. It would likewise assist with expanding the inspiration level of workers. Theory Statement: To talk about the drivers of inspiration at working environment and the advantages of inspiration for association. Misinterpretation of Opposition Point: Many individuals would have misguided judgment that associations or administrators can't control the inspiration level of workers, as inspiration is absolutely inward and individual thing for representatives. In any case, it has been demonstrated that associations can make the way of life and set up the stage that can build the inspiration level of representatives.

Managing organizations and people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Overseeing associations and individuals - Essay Example The outer condition is antagonistic and it involves endurance from the very first moment. Powers closest to an organization, which influence its capacity of serving its clients are miniaturized scale ecological elements. For instance, clients, contenders, providers, advertising groups are whatever factors (Kotler, et al, 2004, p.164). In flawless rivalry, there is no restriction to the quantity of these various players and balance is kept up as sensible benefits and piece of the pie for every provider. In this serious condition, â€Å"Price changes go about as the system whereby request and gracefully are adjusted (Sloman et al., 2006, Ch.4)†, and a success win circumstance is made for the merchant and the purchaser. In any case, such a harmony can be upset by any number of components, At the point when he began his vocation, Mr. Will Chase, the advertiser of Tyrrells Crisps was delivering potatoes which, as a product with no additional worth and no separation from different providers, was giving him skinny edges. Terms could be directed by the purchasers, who play one provider against the other to thump the costs or set unjustified conditions. Pursue chose to counter this circumstance by expanding his business, changing over the potatoes into a marked item in particular Tyrrells Crisps and in this manner enhancing his produce. It was a correct advance, with the edges on chips being better than those on potatoes since he was delivering the crude materials himself. His creative adjustments of the hand-fryer brought about a drastically fruitful item †hand singed crisps, produced using potatoes from own homesteads. He proceeded with his inventive endeavors including new flavors and more up to date vegetables to his line of items. Spreading out from nearby homestead shops and shops, he tapped the large stores like Harrods, Selfridges and Villandry (Hirchkorn, Telegraph, 2004) with their promoting quality and

Ideological Understandings of Social Relations - 1375 Words

Ideological Understandings of Social Relations (Research Paper Sample) Content: CRITIQUE-BASED ANALYSIS OF IDEOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDINGS OF SOCIAL RELATIONS BASED ON PROVIDED TEXT EXAMPLEName:Course name/number:Date of submissionIntroductionSocial interactions are the processes through which relationships are formed between two or more people. The objectives of these relationships vary based on the collective or individual intentions of the people interacting. However, the most common reasons that also form the basis for categorizing social interactions are competitive, accommodative, conflict-bases, reward-based, and cooperation. Therefore, all forms of human social interaction fall under these five distinct categories. A better understanding of the dynamics of social interactions comes from, among other things, criticizing the common-sense understanding of the issue by the society. Therefore, as part of that endeavor, this paper seeks to provide a critique of common sense considerations on social interactions among the society based on rape.Rape is non-consensual sex between two or more individuals usually perpetrated by a rapist on their victim(s).Based the fundamentals of social interaction introduced earlier, the rapists objective behind his choosing to interact with the victim in such a violent manner could be conflict-based, or reward based. The efforts of all stakeholders on the rape issue continue to advocate for measures aimed at reducing the occurrence among the vulnerable members of society. Through both conventional and non-conventional methods, the issue continues to take the center stage in many parts of the world, especially in urban parts where social interaction pits people of different origin and mindset together. However, the government and other stakeholders have resulted in using some avenues in the fight against this form of assault. One standard method that these people continue to use is posters and banners, such as the one provided.Critique analysis based on the text providedOn seeing the text on the poster, my first reaction was developing feelings of empathy for the millions of people who suffer rape each year. The texts color and format is arranged in such a way that the message comes across in a bold manner. Perhaps the boldness is meant to communicate the urgency with which the reader is supposed to treat the matter being communicated. However, the text also instigated criticism within my conscience based on the reality that not only the female gender suffers the unfortunate incidents of rape. Current statistics shows that even the male members of society face the same sad vice making the text and message communicated by the banner slightly but distinctly biased. Therefore, the text demonstrates a valid point on the frequent occurrence of rape and the need to curb it. Unfortunately, the perspective that the text argues, alongside many others, continues to assume a biased standpoint. There is no contesting the fact that most victims of rape are women and children. Incidenta lly, men too are falling victim to the vice, in as much as the poster fails to account for the same.The critique appears to assume a more playful style in putting across its message as depicted by the bluntness in its message. It implies a parody-like critique since the messages do not assume the readers ignorance of the issue at hand and proceed straight to the message by stating that ladies should not be raped-whatever the circumstances. Interestingly, some of the scenarios used in the message where rape might occur do not seem like the most conventional scenes of the crime. However, rape happens even in the most unlikely places. In addition, the critique also exhibits some aspects of conceptual art. The woman depicted on the poster shouting the words stop rape expands the scope of the posters textual message using art that supports the concept. Therefore, the critique appears to assume not only the playful style but also a strategic form of conceptual art that complements the tex tual aspects of the poster. The critique challenges the stereotypical assumption that rape occurs only in premeditated, planned scenes. Research and actual observations from reported cases show that rape assumes many non-conventional forms ranging from spiked drinks in social gatherings to lifts in office and residential blocks. Therefore, the critique challenges the rigidity with which most people approach the rape issue, which appears to happen usually in the dark alleys at the hands of serial rapists and murderers. However, the poster challenges that mindset and demonstrates the occurrence of the vice in less dark and less criminal circumstances using a parody-like presentation. The critique offers an example of the woman whose car is broken down as a rape scenario. The fact that the message portrays such an unconventional scenario shows that many people take for granted the numerous rape cases that occur in scenes that depict women in distress.In addition, the text also challeng es the notion that rapists or would-be rapists are dishonest people who rely on their victims vulnerability or ignorance to assault them. By providing advice based on honesty in the last bit about communicating one's intention early on during social and romantic scenarios, the critique challenges the perception regarding rapists. It challenges the notion that rapists depend on upon dishonesty to acquire and attack their victims. The impact of such messages would instill new knowledge on the circumstances that rapists could exploit thus empowering potential victims against their would-be attackers. Therefore, by so stating, the text provides the second challenge to widely acknowledged perceptions once more proving itself as an excellent critique.The evaluation presents examples of less-likely, but real-life scenarios where rape has occurred to try to loosen the publics perception of the circumstances surrounding rape. By exemplifying rape using examples such as lifts, and roadside s cenarios depicting women in distressing situations, the poster frees the typical persons ideologies relating to rape. In addition, the critique complements various processes aimed at ending the vice thus creating an increased awareness of the need to embrace measures to curb rape. Using strict command-like statements, the poster instills an appreciation with the reader of the need to accommodate more scenarios that might lead to rape. By so doing, the text embraces less conventional methods of communicating this sensitive issue that are more likely to be read as opposed to the mainstream traditional forms of messages that people are used to. Research shows that using less-common methods of communication in a social setting is more likely to get the message across since the method relies on first capturing the readers attention before communicating the intended message. One alternative viewpoint that the poster&...

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., A Political Icon Essay

There are a select few individuals who have come variously to be called great or brilliant because they and their accomplishments have forever changed society and the world. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of those individuals. Martin Luther Kings contributions to history place him in this inimitable position. One of the great figures in the march of human history, Martin Luther King Jr., like Gandhi before him, lived by a heroic credo of non-violence. More than two decades since his death, Martin Luther King ideas; his call for racial equality, his faith in the ultimate triumph of justice, and his insistence on the power of nonviolent struggle to bring about a major transformation of American society- are as vital and timely as†¦show more content†¦King, quickly realized that the best strategy to liberate African-Americans and gain them rights was to use nonviolent forms of protest. He recognized that nonviolence was strategically the only realistic option for oppressed African-Americans to achieve justice as well as the fact that violence would simply polarize the races and make true justice and reconciliation impossible (King, 1983). This gave King, like Mohandas Gandhi, the stature of being both a great moral leader and a brilliant political strategist (Cone, 1969). King organized marches, speeches, and much more to motivate the Africans of America to fight for their rights. His political philosophy and strong beliefs helped lead a nation to the racial justice it has today. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a great speaker, a role-model, and a man who wasnt afraid to dream. Black Americans needed a Martin Luther King, but above all the world needed him. The significant qualities of this special man cannot be underestimated nor taken for granted. Within a span of thirteen years from 1955 to his death in 1968 he was able to expound, expose, and extricate America from many wrongs (Cone, 1969). Martin Luther King was such an inspirational leader because he appealed to not only the black population, but he appealed to all people who believed in equality and freedom. King, not only spoke withShow MoreRelatedThe Idea of the Secular Saint in Ambrosios Work1738 Words   |  7 PagesSecular Saint Question 1: What elements in the life and work of Simone Weil, Martin Luther King, Mother Theresa, and some of the characters portrayed in the movies Dr. Ambrosio mentions speak to you most effectively about the qualities of the secular saint? There are many types of people in the world. Specifically, there are those who live to make their own existences happier and then there are those who work to preserve and protect the rights and needs of their fellow human beings. 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Quaker Meeting free essay sample

My earliest encounter with religion came in a noisy preschool in Texas. There was a picture book with vivid images of Jesus Christ helping poor children, guiding a sick old woman, leading a flock of lambs. Later I associated this gentle bearded man with the Nativity scenes that decorated our neighbors yards at Christmas. I did not understand the significance of this figure, but admired the soft, benign look on his face while also pitying him for his scraggly robes and emaciated frame. I remember believing that Santa Claus was in fact Jesus, just plumper and jollier in old age, spreading his cheer through presents and hearty ho-ho-hos. Never attending church in my early childhood, I thought Christianity was some sort of glamorous club Santa Claus A-List that met weekly in secretive conventions. I was not exposed to Christian doctrine or ritual, but saw only big shiny crosses, exotic Christmas ornaments and white-robed men. I desperately wanted to be part of it all. When my family moved to New Jersey around my fifth birthday, my mother decided to attend a Quaker church. From the beginning, I dreaded Sunday mornings and the long drive to the small, modest meeting house when I would have to sit on hard wood benches surrounded by strange people in awkward silence. I would grow painfully bored, stifled by the thick quiet that permeated the stale room and pass the time counting ceiling tiles or observing these strange people. There were old men and women, eyes closed, wearing dull cardigans; a little boy with long hair; a petite woman with eyes that darted around the room like insects; couples holding hands without speaking. Here was a collection of some of the most liberal, open-minded and accepting individuals, but to me they were strange, odd, different. There was no priest handing out cookies and grape juice, no flamboyant hats and bright sequined dresses on fashionable women, there was not the slightest lingering scent of pricey cologne, or the doleful sound of organ music. There was only stillness broken by the occasional rustle of clothing, a muffled cough, a baby crying. After 20 minutes, the children would be dismissed to another room. Sometimes we would discuss our morals or our understanding of God; sometimes we would take nature walks and collect objects of significance to us; sometimes we would meditate and speak to that elusive voice within. I would participate, but always as an outsider watching the bizarre rituals of a primitive culture. As I reached adolescence, this detachment at Meeting hardened into angry bitterness: the kids were typical middle-school rejects who didnt dress right or act cool, and the adults seemed to be encouraging these crippled nonconformists. I, already struggling with my own insecurities, did not want to be associated with such an eccentric group. When the topic of religion would come up at school, I would cringe, waiting for the inevitable Youre Quaker? Whats that? My teacher, jumping at the chance to exploit diversity, would inevitably ask me to explain Quakers beliefs. I, face growing red and hands clammy, would reply with my re-hearsed, monotone response: Quakers believe in peace. Peace. At the time the word evoked little more than images of white doves in flight, hippies in flowing peasant tops or the two-fingered symbol that the kids would make in group photos. Peace is good; make peace, not war; let the world unite in peace I had been bombarded with cliches, but the actual concept of peace, like the institution of Quakerism, was foreign to me. Not to mention that it was never a satisfactory answer for my class: But do Quakers believe in Jesus? they would ask. Do you churn your own butter? Are you allowed to use electricity? Why arent you wearing a bonnet? And always the smart-aleck from the back of the room, arms crossed, smirking, Dont you worship the Quaker Oats guy? In a small, upper-crust suburb, a hotbed for conventionality and conservatism, I knew that I had been raised in an unorthodox manner and instilled with values that contrasted starkly with my peers. Thus, my religion became increasingly difficult as I found myself isolated because of my singularity of mind, principles and conduct. Frustrated by my differences, I began to believe that somehow associating with the Quaker folk had caused me to contract a horribly contagious disease that frightened others away. Every Sunday though, despite my violent tantrums, I always ended up in the backseat, having been given an ultimatum. Yet curiously, once I was at the Meeting House sitting among these strange people, I was instantly accepted. Even though I was a defiant, rebellious adolescent, here the adults would not tsk-tsk at my low-cut jeans or shake their heads at my attitude. As much as I hated to admit it, this was a safe haven, free from the judgmental and critical mindsets I encountered a t school. Although a difficult, turbulent time in my life, I grew stronger and more confident as a result of the adversity I encountered in school. As I entered high school, I made friends, branched out, widened my social circle. I discovered interests and passions, and began that pivotal journey of self-discovery. Who was I? I found more and more that as I attempted to answer that question the response included Quakerism. I was a Quaker. I began to explore my religious roots, discovering how the Quaker community had encountered persecution for their beliefs, had been mocked for their conscientious objection to war, and had faced oppression throughout their existence. Yet despite immense hardship, Quakers had never attempted to fight fire with fire, instead conquering hate through their persistent love, caring and compassion. These were tenets that I held dear, especially since they were so applicable to my life. I could not attempt to avenge the taunters during middle school with a retaliation of name-calling and dirty looks, but instead I passively resisted, and looked inside for strength. I had finally accepted Quakerism. I believed in peace, the power of forgiveness and the importance of kindness. I became active in peace marches as the war in Iraq wrought bloodshed, and arranged candlelight vigils for the many sacrificed lives. I discovered my empowering ability to make a difference in the world, and for this I am immensely proud of my Quakerism, my avowed pacifism. Quakerism has taught me the value of love, the power of inner strength, but most importantly, it has taught me that sometimes it isnt the fist or the noisy protests that can really effect change; sometimes just being silent is enough.

The Greek Financial Crisis free essay sample

Ever since the end of 2009, Greece has been involved in a financial and economic crisis that has been record breaking and shattered world records in terms of its severity and worldwide effects. The Greek government, since the beginning of the crisis, has attempted to take several governmental measures to try and â€Å"stop the bleeding,† including economy policy changes, dramatic government spending and budget cuts and the implementation of new taxes for citizens. In addition to this, the government has tried to alter the perceptions of Greek government and economy by the rest of the world in an effort to appear both more liberal and more democratic. Greece has also been working to privatize many previous state-owned corporations in a desperate effort to stabilize the currency and the economy. This paper will address the various actions taken to date by the Greek government to pull the country out of this terrible crisis, and will explore the specific factors that were causation for this horrible financial crisis. We will write a custom essay sample on The Greek Financial Crisis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is important to note that certain policies and government actions and their success is merely subject to personal opinion, but financial data and statistics is absolute and cannot be disputed regardless of personal or political beliefs. In May of 2010, Greece was awarded a 110 billion euro bailout from both the European Union and the International Monetary Fund. This bailout was effective only in the sense that it prevented Greece from defaulting on country debts and loans, which would have had catastrophic ripple effects on not only the Greek and European markets, but on the global markets including the United States and Asian economies. Soon after this bailout was executed, it became evidently clear to both the EU and the IMF that more money would be needed in order for Greece’s survival and for their long road to economic recovery. With that being said, a second bailout worth 109 billion Euro was given to Greece again by the EU and the IMF in late July of 2011. Of course, these bailouts have been the subject of a tremendous volume of worldwide media attention. These bailouts, along with the privatization of corporations, policy changes, capital injections and governmental changes have been implemented in hope that positive progress will be achieved. The media has successfully painted these reforms as containment methods for this huge mess, and as means of ensuring that this infected economy does as little damage as possible to other economies in the world. Some country-specific economies that are particularly unstable and thus at risk of damage from the Greek crisis are Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Spain. Although the Greek economy has received, by far, the most media attention for economic difficulties, these other four nations are experiencing serious economic problems of their own. It appears that this was a major motivating factor behind the two bailouts, that it is vitally important to contain the damage before it spreads to these other vulnerable nations, something that the European Union simply cannot afford to have happen. In the words of economic experts, â€Å"Greece is just the tip of the iceberg,† and that the economies of EU nations are more intertwined and interdependent than we would have hoped. Given that EU countries share the same currency, the Euro, continuously trade with one another, and hold massive debts for one another, this opens the EU as a whole up to tremendous vulnerability. Essentially, if Greece or any other EU nation defaults on debts, this could send the entire EU into a recession and put the banking system as a whole at risk, much like what happened in the United States in 2008. The goal of these capital injections and bailouts is for Greece to remain financially liquid for enough time to pay their outstanding debts as much has possible to neighbor countries, thus reducing the amount of government debts owed and the interconnected pressure on the entire EU to continue to bail out Greece. If Greece is able to pay back a significant enough portion of their debts, in the event that they do default on some of them, it may still be able to be contained and not infect the rest of Europe with a recession. As far as Greece’s role in creating this crisis in the first place, it can be said that Greece is at fault for a variety of reasons. The media has been focusing on the corrupt political system and infrastructure, the lack of competition in the private sector, the wastefulness and inefficiency of the public sector and a flawed tax system as causation for this mess. When the public sector was expanded in the 1980’s, Andreas Papandreou was given various agricultural subsidies and grants to do with what he pleased. This enabled the funding of certain post-World War II groups to heal political wounds and fund unions and other special interest groups to aid his political capital and strength. The policies enacted in this decade allowed for the increase in power and funding of the middle class by creating a vast amount of inefficient public sector government jobs for citizens. This resulted in an increase in the levels of inefficiency, bureaucracy, corruption and wasteful spending coupled with the increase in wages, pensions and benefits. This proceeded to drain through government money and resources, and did not breed a culture of highly motivated, efficient and effective government employees. A high amount of debts accumulated as the nation continued to proceed in this way, using state money to subsidize failing businesses and to finance the continued expansion of the public sector. Papandreou is continuously criticized for the creation of such a wasteful and inefficient public sector, and this is a primary reason for the economic struggles that Greece is facing today. Debt continued to build, and inefficiency continued to increase rapidly. Another important factor to discuss is the massive amounts of de-industrialization that occurred in Greece during the 1980s. This means that labor was outsourced to different countries outside of the European Union where labor costs were significant cheaper, in an attempt to reduce expense margins. Instead of investing in a strong public sector, Papandreou poured money into the private sector that was clearly diminishing in relation to other countries. As a result of this, the public sector continued to expand as a compensation method for the failing private sector. This resulted in the creation of a socialist culture in Greece, causing more and more debt to buildup to an alarming level. This wastefulness and inefficiency in the extremely large public was simply adding fuel to the fire that would come back to hurt the nation several years later, as we can see. As the level of national debt and borrowing was increasing, it can be said that the bubble began to burst in the early 2000s when the Euro was adopted in Greece. This provided Greece with an opportunity to capitalize on very low interest rates, declining from roughly 20% in the early 1990s to roughly 3. 2% in 2005. This fueled the fire in the sense of the borrowing culture that had already been in place in the Greek government for decades, as they continued to accrue an alarming amount of national debt, a terrible liability for any nation to carry. These billions of euros of debt continued to rise, and can be considered a very important factor in the current economic crisis that is occurring as a result of decades of wasteful spending and ineffective currency control by the government. Another important factor to consider when analyzing the specific reasons for Greek’s current financial crisis is the highly corrupt political system that exists in the country. Corruption and bribery play a role in Greece’s outstanding level of national debt. According to statistics, the Greek government has lost roughly 8% of GDP each year as a direct result to these unethical practices. According to the Brookings Institute, â€Å"if Greece had better control of their government corruption, it would have had a smaller budget deficit by 4% of GDP. † This fascinating data shows that the practices of this corrupt government actually contributed to Greek’s staggering amount of debt coupled with their incremental declines in GDP levels. On the topic of governmental corruption, there are two key scandals worthy of mention that clearly have contributed to the current economic turmoil Greece is currently facing. The first scandal is the Koskotas Affair, and occurred during the Papandreou administration. Mr. Koskotas was the owner of the Bank of Crete. In this scandal, he was convicted and charged with the embezzlement of $200 million dollars. In the following coverage of the scandal, it was revealed that Papandreou’s’ administration had asked for large deposits to be transferred from other banks into the Bank of Crete at a lower-than-legal interest rate. The profits from these transfers were given to the government and political parties. Although Papandreou was indicted for involvement, he was acquitted and justice was never served. This hurt both the economy and the morale of Greek citizens. The second scandal worthy of mention is the Siemens case. The executive team of Siemens paid out several million Euros in the form of bribes to several Greek politicians from the late 1990s to the early 2000s. These bribes were paid in return for the securing of government contracts in wide variety industries. The politicians involved into offshore accounts laundered the money. The two major political parties in Greece were both involved, and Siemens was fined over $1 billion dollars by the US government for its involvement in these crimes. These two massive scandals successfully illustrate the level of corruption in the Greek government, and the unethical practices that were adopted by both parties in order to remain in power. Unfortunately, in Greece it is very difficult to prosecute and charge corrupt political figures. Many politicians simply get away with the crimes they commit because their peers are not interested in prosecuting them given the immunity they are given as per the Greek Constitution. According to statistical data, no Greek minister has gone to jail since the 1970s showing Greece’s unwillingness to sentence and prosecute corrupt politicians. Obviously, this poses problems related to national accountability and furthers the distrust of the Greek government by both the citizens of Greece and by other nations in the EU and worldwide. The culture and nature of the Greek government seems to be very conducive to the acceptance of bribes, and the funding of certain special interest groups that are likely to benefit the government in some questionable way. It has been said that Andreas Papandreou created certain government jobs for the sole purpose of his own personal gains. Politicians who are running for office make all sorts of outlandish promises to different groups in order to receive support, with no intentions of actually carrying out the promises. Also, the immunity from prosecution clauses in Greek law has increased politician’s levels of recklessness. This immunity prevents politicians and executive-level government officials from prosecution for any crimes committed. This is an extremely dangerous provision in the law, because there are virtually no accountability standards and has shown to lead to aggressive and self-serving policy decisions that have had drastically negative impacts on the country and the economy. To reflect on the government style and roots of Greece, the country has been described as having â€Å"one foot in the West, and another in the East. † The country has been a synthesizing point for democracy, but ironically does not seem to display the necessary integrity and self-correction methods that are essential for the functionality of a democracy. In the words of Manolopoulous, the country â€Å"has never had a Western-style reformation, nor the development of a large middle class, nor the emergence of conservative and liberal philanthropy that developed in Western and Northern Europe and also North America. † This goes to show that while Greece has been perceived and thought of by others as a Westernized nation, it is not that simple. The inefficiency of the public sector is a recurring problem in this discussion because of its severity and enormous impact on the financial crisis that Greece is currently facing. The public sector has been characterized and defined as being â€Å"statist. † This essentially describes an environment in the country where public sector jobs are preferred as opposed to private or other types of jobs. This belief that is held by a majority of Greek citizens has been a key contributor to the inefficient and unproductive bureaucracy of government jobs and positions. This mindset also prevents Greece’s private sector from reaching its potential, and does nothing to reduce unemployment. This mindset is held partly because public sector jobs offer the things that private sector jobs cannot, including a generous pension, a pre-determined retirement age and incremental pay increases as time goes by. This creates a sense of job security, which is desired by all as part of human nature. Job security is not a bad thing, but problems clearly arise when an entire country has become dependent on the continued influx of meaningless government jobs. Individuals who work in the public sector statistically make more, on average, than those who work in the private sector. There is currently no statistical data that supports a link between worker productivity, job satisfaction and overall motivation to pay grade. This lack of an incentivized program that encourages employees to work hard is perhaps one of the biggest roots of the problem. The increases in public sector wages and pensions reached almost 9% in 2008. Even as the country’s economy continues to sink farther and farther into historic territory, jobs are not being cut and employees are continuing to receive excellent pay and benefits for their relatively meaningless low-end government positions. Another problem with Greek’s public sector is the early retirement age of 58. When an employee retires at this age, they are given a full pension and in most cases, continuing benefits for a generous period of time. To put this in perspective, the average retirement rate in the rest of the European Union is 63. This over-generous system is a major drainer of government funds. According to statistics, the pensions given to an average public-sector employee can reach up to 98% of their original salary right before retirement. The final point presented is the nearly complete level of job security within the public sector. Due to a high amount of policies and regulations about termination, it is extremely difficult for one to lose their job unless a major mistake has been made. That being said, it seems as if an overly comfortable work force has been created. There must be some degree of threat of job loss in order to motivate employees to put forth their best effort each and every day. According to Manolopoulos, there are numerous sources that display the extremely low competitiveness of the Greek economy. This is the next factor that can be discussed to illustrate the problems responsible for the current economic meltdown. According to this data, â€Å"the burden of administration in Greece is abnormally high, the degree of regulation is excessive, and the amount of competition is severely limited due to tremendous government intervention. † Also, it is shown that Greece rarely is a center of foreign investment, in relation to other nations in the European Union. It does not take an expert to determine that the Greek government and economic environment is not desirable enough for foreign nations to engage with. Since 2009, there have been more than 1,400 companies formerly with headquarters in Greece who have relocated to other nations. Currently, 20% of Greece businesses are failing or will fail at some point in the coming months. These staggering statistics go to show that these philosophies are more than conceptual, and there are actual statistics to illustrate the severity of the problems. With regard to taxation, the Greek tax system is highly progressive. A progressive tax system is a system where the smallest proportion of the population, the wealthiest individuals, pays the highest taxes. In Greece, this is the case, and in fact the average and below-average households pay virtually no taxes at all. Although this progressive system can be effective, as seen in other countries, the problem is that there are so few high earners that very little tax revenue is actually being raised. The line for which a household can declare themselves exempt is higher than most families earn, leaving very few candidates who are qualified to pay these high amounts of taxes. This threshold is 12,000 Euro per year, and has created a culture where many Greeks are understating their income in order to remain under this threshold and avoid paying taxes. The disinterest in paying taxes is inevitable in all countries, but in this situation, citizens are actually able to get away with tax evasion, adding to the problem. This goes back to the corruption of Greek politicians, and the culture deeply rooted in cheating and dishonest practices. Politicians are wise enough to know that if they crack down on tax evasions among Greek citizens, they will not be re-elected and will lose their political power, influence and immunity. For this reason, most politicians look the other way on massive amounts of tax evasions, and citizens are not forced to pay their taxes, adding to the already discussed lack of accountability. This is why the threshold for tax-exempt families is currently at such an alarming level. In the words of Manolopoulos, â€Å"the authorities proceed to hound the honest few, and let the thousands of dishonest high income individuals escape with impunity. Tax avoidance is a national pastime in Greece. It has become a cultural trait. The Greek people never learned to pay their taxes, because no one is punished. † This mindset described by Manolopoulos is at the heart of the problem, and clearly shows the unwillingness of typical Greek citizens to do their part and contribute to the overall welfare of the country. As far as reforms to try and aid the recovery of this failing economy, little has been done. The Economic Adjustment Program is essentially a program that has planned out 5-year economy strategy for the country, called the Medium-Term Fiscal Strategy. This was created in 2011 and sought to increase the efficiency of public spending, eliminate wasteful spending that drains government resources, reduce the size of the public sector, broaden the base of tax payers, and eliminate the amount of individuals who are evading taxes by imposing meaningful penalties and consequences. The plan for this strategy is to increase efficiency, and further incentivize the labor force to increase how hard people work and their inclinations to give back for the greater good. This seeks to decrease the tax-free threshold from 12,000 to 8,000 euro per year. A luxury tax will be imposed on very wealthy individuals to bring in further revenue. 200 new companies have been created to bring business back to Greece. There will be an increase in the amount of audits and increased sentences for tax evaders. Although this does not fully address the power imbalance issues that are a central issue in the crisis, many are hopeful that this plan, over time will increase the output of the economy and reduce the massive deficit the country currently faces. In conclusion, these structural measures being taken have not been overly successful, but the country will benefit in the long run from them. The only reason this failing countries economy is still relatively in tact is because of the continuous capital injections from the EU and the IMF. In an effort to keep the economy relatively liquid, Greece has remained above water. It seems that the true problem at the root of this crisis is the imbalance of power, which must be addressed if full recovery is ever to be achieved. In other words, there is a long way to go for this former superpower.